MAINT: Add support for Python 3.12 and experimental support for 3.13

Summary

For https://gitlab.indiscale.com/caosdb/internal/all/-/issues/2642. Adds support for 3.12 and experimental support for 3.13.

Focus

Same as before: 3.13 needs the rust-dependency fix for the time being; however, this is not sufficient since Pandas fails to build here. I suggest to leave it like this for now, it's allow_failure for a reason.

Test Environment

Pipelines.

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• All automated tests pass
• Reference related issues
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Check List for the Reviewer

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• All automated tests pass
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• Appropriate user and developer documentation (or not necessary)
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.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ unittest_py313:
   script:
     # TODO: Replace by '*python_test_script' as soon as 3.13 has been officially released.
     - apt update && apt install -y cargo
+    - pip install meson[ninja] meson-python
     - pip install pynose pandas pytest pytest-cov gitignore-parser openpyxl>=3.0.7 xlrd==1.2 h5py
     - pip install git+https://gitlab.indiscale.com/caosdb/src/caosdb-pylib.git@dev
     - pip install .