MAINT: Add support for Python 3.12 and experimental support for 3.13

Summary

For https://gitlab.indiscale.com/caosdb/internal/all/-/issues/2642. Adds support for 3.12 and experimental support for 3.13.

Focus

Same as before: 3.13 needs the rust-dependency fix for the time being; however, this is not sufficient since Pandas fails to build here. I suggest to leave it like this for now, it's allow_failure for a reason.

Test Environment

Pipelines.

Check List for the Author

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• All automated tests pass
• Reference related issues
• Up-to-date CHANGELOG.md (or not necessary)
• Up-to-date JSON schema (or not necessary)
• Appropriate user and developer documentation (or not necessary)
  • How do I use the software? Assume "stupid" users.
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• Annotations in code (Gitlab comments)
  • Intent of new code
  • Problems with old code
  • Why this implementation?

Check List for the Reviewer

• I understand the intent of this MR
• All automated tests pass
• Up-to-date CHANGELOG.md (or not necessary)
• Appropriate user and developer documentation (or not necessary)
• The test environment setup works and the intended behavior is reproducible in the test environment
• In-code documentation and comments are up-to-date.
• Check: Are there specifications? Are they satisfied?

For further good practices have a look at our review guidelines.

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -156,6 +156,20 @@ unittest_py311:
   image: python:3.11
   script: *python_test_script
 
+unittest_py312:
+  tags: [docker]
+  stage: unittest
+  image: python:3.12
+  script: *python_test_script
+
+unittest_py313:
+  allow_failure: true
+  tags: [docker]
+  stage: unittest
+  image: python:3.13-rc
+  script: *python_test_script
+
+
 # Build the sphinx documentation and make it ready for deployment by Gitlab Pages
 # Special job for serving a static website. See https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/yaml/README.html#pages
 pages_prepare: &pages_prepare